Terminology

Stroke- The act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it
Tee- a short peg put into the ground to hold a golf ball off the ground
Putting green- The area of a golf course nearest the hole, with a smoother surface to make putting easier

Rough- The areas outside of fairways that generally features higher, thicker, grass or naturally growing unkept and ungrown grass.

Bunker- a hazard consisting of a prepared area of ground, often a hollow, from which turf or soil has been removed and replaced with sand

Approach Shot- A shot which aims to place your ball on the green area.

Birdie-   when you sink your ball in one less shot than the par for a specific hole. 

Bogey- when you sink your ball in one more shot than the par for a specific hole

Double Bogey-when you sink your ball in two more shots than the par for a specific hole.

Drive- The drive is the initial shot on each hole which is taken from the tee.

fairway- The fairway is the entire in-bounds distance which runs from the tee to the green and which is kept neatly trimmed.

Eagle-when you sink your ball in two less shots than the par for a specific hole. 

Out-of-Bounds- This is the area which is outside of the course and which is often marked with white stakes.

Penalty Stroke- A penalty stroke is one which is added to the score of a player or side as specified within the rules. 

Water Hazard- A water hazard is any sea, lake, pond, river, ditch, surface drainage ditch or other open water course (whether or not it contains water) and anything of a similar nature on the course.